Science, A Closer Look, Grade 4, Student Edition

Macmillan/McGraw-Hill Science: A Closer Look Grade 4 Be a Scientist Lesson 1: Science Skills The Scientific Method Lesson 2: Science Methods Life Science UNIT A - LIVING THINGS Unit Opener Unit Literature Dragons of the Sea (Ranger Rick) CHAPTER 1 - KINGDOMS OF LIFE Lesson 1 – Cells (10 pp) OBJECTIVE: - Identify five functions of living things - Compare plant and animal cells • Explore Activity What are living things are made of? • What are living things? • How do plant and animal cells compare? • How are cells grouped? • How can you see cells? Focus on Skills: Observe Lesson 2 – Classifying Living Things (10 pp) OBJECTIVE: - Define, list, and compare the kingdoms of living things - Describe and compare different types of microorganisms • Explore Activity How are organisms classified? • How are living things classified? • How can organisms be grouped within a kingdom? • What kinds of organisms have only one cell? • How are organisms named? Reading in Science: Red Tide: A Bad Bloom at the Beach (STS) Lesson 3 – The Plant Kingdom (12 pp) OBJECTIVE: - Describe the function of a plant’s roots, stems, and leaves - Explain the processes of photosynthesis and respiration • Explore Activity How are leaves different from each other? • How do we classify plants? • How do plants get what they need? • Why are leaves important? • What are mosses and ferns? • How do we use plants? /Review Inquiry Investigation How do root hairs help plants take up water? Grade 4 Page 1 of 12 Grade 4 TOC Lesson 4 – How Seed Plants Reproduce (12 pp) OBJECTIVE: - Describe pollination in flowering plants - Describe the life cycle of a flowering plant • Explore Activity Does a seed need water to grow? • How do we classify seed plants? • How do seeds form? • How do seeds grow? • How are plants alike and different from their parents? • What are other ways plants can reproduce? /Lesson Review Writing in Science: Dandelions and Me Math in Science: Parts of a Whole Chapter 1 Review CHAPTER 2 – THE ANIMAL KINGDOM Lesson 1 - Animals without Backbones OBJECTIVE: - Define animal and list the basic needs and characteristics of animals - Summarize the characteristics of groups of invertebrates • Explore Activity: What makes an earthworm an animal? • What are invertebrates? • What are some invertebrates? • What are arthropods? • How are worms classified? / Review Focus on Skills: Classify Lesson 2 – Animals with Backbones OBJECTIVE - Define vertebrates and describe their characteristics - Describe the seven groups of vertebrates • Explore Activity: What does a backbone do? • What are vertebrates? • What are some other vertebrate groups? • What are mammals? Writing in Science: Gentle Giants Math in Science: Protecting Animals Lesson 3 – Systems in Animals OBJECTIVE: - Identify the seven organ systems of animals - Summarize the parts and functions of the seven organ systems • Explore Activity: How does an earthworm respond to light? • How do animals move and sense changes? • How do air and blood travel in the body? • How is food broken down? /Review Inquiry Investigation: How do animals with webbed feet move? Grade 4 Page 2 of 12 Grade 4 TOC Lesson 4 – Animal Life Cycles OBJECTIVE: - Compare incomplete metamorphosis and complete metamorphosis - Summarize how traits are passed from parent to offspring • Explore Activity: How does a caterpillar change as it grows? • What are the stages of an animal’s life? • What is metamorphosis? • How do animals reproduce? • What is inherited? Reading in Science: Meet Christopher Raxworthy Chapter Review Careers: Bird handler/Zoologist UNIT B ECOSYSTEMS Unit Opener Unit Literature: Sea Otters: Key to the Kelp Forest CHAPTER 3 EXPLORING ECOSYSTEMS Lesson 1 - Introduction to Ecosystems OBJECTIVE: - Identify abiotic and biotic factors in an ecosystem - Describe how ecosystems differ from each other • Explore Activity: What can you find in an environment? • What is an ecosystem? • What are populations and communities? Focus on Skills: Predict Lesson 2 – Biomes OBJECTIVE: - Define a biome - Describe Earth’s six main biomes • Explore Activity: How much sunlight reaches a forest floor? • What is a biome? • What are grasslands and forests? •What are deserts, taiga, and tundra? • Are there water biomes? Reading in Science: Mail Call Lesson 3 – Relationships in Ecosystems OBJECTIVE: - Explain how energy is cycled through an ecosystem - Describe food webs and give examples of predator and prey relationships • Explore Activity: How much energy do living things use? • How do organisms depend on one another? • What is a food chain? • What is a food web? • What is an energy pyramid? Writing in Science: The Moth That Needed the Tree Math in Science: How Many Monarchs? Chapter Review Grade 4 Page 3 of 12 Grade 4 TOC CHAPTER 4 – SURVIVING IN ECOSYSTEMS Lesson 1 – Animal Adaptations OBJECTIVE: - Define adaptations and give examples of how adaptations help animals survive in their habitats - Define and describe the types of symbiotic relationships • Explore Activity: Does the shape of a bird’s beak affect what it eats? • What helps animals survive in their environments? • How can animals survive in different environments? • How else do animals survive? / Review Focus on Skills: Form a Hypothesis Lesson 2 – Plants Respond to Their Surroundings OBJECTIVE: - Describe ways in which plants respond to their environments - Describe plant adaptations • Explore Activity: How do plants respond to their environments? • How do plants respond to their environments? • What are some plant adaptations? Writing in Science: A Field of Sun Math in Science: Plants Respond to the Environment Lesson 3 – Changes in Ecosystems OBJECTIVE: - Describe how abiotic and biotic factors cause ecosystems to change - Describe the effects ecosystem changes have on living organisms • Explore Activity: How can a change to an ecosystem affect living things? • What causes an ecosystem to change? • How do people change ecosystems? • What happens when ecosystems change? • How can people prevent extinction? Reading in Science: Mail Call Succession in burnt chaparral Chapter Review Careers: Scientific Photographer/ Forester Earth Science UNIT C EARTH AND ITS RESOURCES Unit Opener Unit Literature: Lichen: Life on the Rocks CHAPTER 5 SHAPING EARTH Lesson 1 – Earth OBJECTIVE: - Identify Earth’s landforms and the features of the ocean floor - Describe the layers of Earth • Explore Activity: What shapes can the land take? • What does Earth’s land look like? • What does it look like where water meets land? Grade 4 Page 4 of 12 Grade 4 TOC • What is below Earth’s surface? Focus on Skills: Experiment Lesson 2 – The Moving Crust OBJECTIVE: - Describe how plate motions build mountains and cause earthquakes and volcanoes - Explain how scientists use seismic waves to study earthquakes • Explore Activity: How can Earth’s crust change shape? • What distorts Earth’s crust? • What causes earthquakes? • How do scientists study earthquakes? • What is a volcano? Reading In Science: Meet Ro Kinzler Lesson 3 – Weathering and Erosion OBJECTIVE: - Define and give examples of physical and chemical weathering - Explain how erosion helps break down and build up Earth’s land • Explore Activity: How can rain shape the land? • What is weathering? • What is erosion? • How do glaciers shape the land? • How do people shape the land? Writing in Science: Land over Time Math in Science: Disappearing mountains Lesson 4 – Changes caused by the Weather OBJECTIVE: - Describe the effects of floods, fires, tornadoes, and hurricanes - Explain the causes and effects of mass wasting, landslides, and avalanches • Explore Activity: How does steepness of slope affect the movement of Earth’s materials? • How do floods and fire change the land? • How do storms change the land? • How do landslides change the land? Inquiry Investigation: What happens to the environment when a river floods? Chapter Review CHAPTER 6 - SAVING EARTH’S RESOURCES Lesson 1 – Minerals and Rocks OBJECTIVE: - Describe the properties used to identify and classify minerals - Compare the three types of rocks • Explore Activity: What makes rocks different from each other? • What is a mineral? • What are igneous and sedimentary rocks? • What are metamorphic rocks? Grade 4 Page 5 of 12 Grade 4 TOC • How do we use rocks? Focus on Skills: Communicate Lesson 2 – Soil OBJECTIVE: - Describe the different layers of soil and how they form - Define the texture, porosity, and permeability of soil • Explore Activity: What is soil made of? • What is soil made of? • What are some properties of soil? • Why is soil type important? Inquiry Investigation: How quickly do minerals wash through different kinds of soil? Lesson 3 –Resources from the Past OBJECTIVE: - Describe the different kinds of fossils, the ways the form, and how they provide evidence of Earth’s past - Explain why fossil fuels are a valuable and nonrenewable resource • Explore Activity: What can you learn from footprints? • How do fossils form? • How do we study fossils? • What are fossil fuels? • What can we use instead of fossil fuels? Inquiry Investigation: How do scientists know how a dinosaur lived? Lesson 4 – Water OBJECTIVE: - Explain how the water cycle renews Earth’s fresh water - Describe the ways people use and obtain fresh water • Explore Activity: Does water flow faster through soil or gravel? • Where is Earth’s water found? • How is fresh water supplied? • How do we use water? Writing in Science: Saving Water Math in Science: How Much Water Do You Use? Lesson 5 – Pollution and Conservation OBJECTIVE: - Identify pollution as a drawback to many human activities - Describe ways in which people reduce pollution and conserve resources • Explore Activity: How can you clean an oil spill? • What is pollution? • How can we protect soil and water? • What are the 3Rs? Reading in Science: Saving Soil Chapter Review Careers: Survey technician/Geologist Grade 4 Page 6 of 12 Grade 4 TOC UNIT D WEATHER AND SPACE Unit Opener Unit Literature: Tornado Tears Through Midwest Chapter 7 – WEATHER AND CLIMATE Lesson 1 – Air and Weather OBJECTIVE: - Define the atmosphere as a mixture of different gases - Describe four properties of weather that can be measured and the tools used to measure them • Explore Activity: How does the wind move? • What is in the air? • What are some properties of weather? • How can you measure weather? / Review Writing in Science: Spring Forecast Math in Science: Measuring Weather Changes Lesson 2 – The Water Cycle OBJECTIVE: - Sequence the steps of the water cycle - Identify and describe types of clouds and precipitation • Explore Activity: How does water change from a liquid to a gas? • How does water change between a liquid and a gas? • Where does water go? • What are some types of clouds? • What are other forms of precipitation? Focus on Skills: Make a model Lesson 3 –Tracking the Weather OBJECTIVE: - Explain how air masses form and identify the types of weather caused by air masses - Forecast the weather by interpreting data on a weather map • Explore Activity: How do raindrops form? • What are air masses and fronts? • What does a weather map show? • What are the clues of severe weather? / Review Reading in Science: Hurricane Season (STS) Lesson 4 – Climate OBJECTIVE: - Define and give examples of climate - Explain the main factors that determine the climate of a region • Explore Activity: What affects weather patterns? • What is climate? • What determines climate? • How do mountains affect climate? / Review Inquiry Investigation: Chapter Review Grade 4 Page 7 of 12 Grade 4 TOC CHAPTER 8 THE SOLAR SYSTEM AND BEYOND Lesson 1 - Earth and Sun OBJECTIVE: - Explain the main factors that determine the climate of a region - Explain how Earth’s revolution and its tilted axis cause the seasons • Explore Activity: What causes day and night? • What causes day and night? • What causes the seasons? • How does the sun’s path appear to change over the seasons? Writing in Science: Without the Sun Math in Science: The Sun’s Light Lesson 2 - Earth and Moon OBJECTIVE: - Explain why the Moon is covered with craters - Explain what causes the Moon’s phases, solar eclipses, and lunar eclipses • Explore Activity: What affects the size of craters on the Moon? • What is the Moon like? • What are the phases of the Moon? • What is a lunar eclipse? Focus on Skills: Interpret data Lesson 3 - The Solar System OBJECTIVE: - Define and describe the solar system - Discuss the properties of the inner planets and the outer planets • Explore Activity: How do sizes of objects in the solar system compare? • What is the solar system? • How do we learn about the solar system? • What are the inner planets? • What are the outer planets? • What else in the solar system? Reading in Science: To the Moon! Lesson 4 Stars and Constellations OBJECTIVE: - Discuss stars, including their composition, appearance, and distance from Earth - Discuss the characteristics of the Sun and its importance to life on Earth • Explore Activity: Why do some stars seem brighter than others? • What are stars? • What are constellations? • What is the sun like? Inquiry Investigation: What is a Constellation? Chapter Review Careers: Planetarium technician/Air traffic controller Grade 4 Page 8 of 12 Grade 4 TOC Physical Science UNIT E - MATTER Unit Opener Unit Literature: Mr. Mix-It CHAPTER 9 PROPERTIES OF MATTER Lesson 1 – Describing Matter OBJECTIVE: - Define and describe the three states of matter - Compare and contrast the properties of matter • Explore Activity: How can you tell if something is a solid or a liquid? • What is matter? • What are the states of matter? • What happens to the matter we use? Writing in Science: Juggling Matter Math in Science: Calculating Volume Lesson 2 – Measurement OBJECTIVE: - Describe some properties of matter that can be measured - Measure properties of matter using correct units • Explore Activity: How can you compare matter? • How do we measure matter? • What is density? • What is weight? Inquiry Skill Builder: Measure Lesson 3 – Classifying Matter OBJECTIVE: - Explore how to classify matter - Explain how elements are organized in the periodic table • Explore Activity: How can you identify a metal? • What are elements? • How are elements organized? • How do scientists use the periodic table? Reading in Science: Meet Sisir Mondal Chapter Review CHAPTER 10 - MATTER AND ITS CHANGES Lesson 1 – How matter can change OBJECTIVE: - Comprehend that a change of state is a physical change - Differentiate between physical and chemical change • Explore Activity: Can you change the properties of a solid? • What are physical changes? • How does matter change state? • What are chemical changes? • How do physical and chemical changes compare? Reading in Science: Lady Liberty Grade 4 Page 9 of 12 Grade 4 TOC Lesson 2 – Mixtures OBJECTIVE: - Explain that mixtures are combinations of matter - Predict ways to separate mixtures • Explore Activity: How do solids and water mix? • What is a mixture? • How can you separate the parts of a mixture? • How can you separate the parts of a solution? Focus on Skills: Use variables Lesson 3 – Compounds OBJECTIVE: - Identify compounds as two or more elements chemically combined - Differentiate between acids and bases • Explore Activity: How does iron react with air and moisture? • What are compounds? • What are acids and bases? Inquiry Investigation: Oxidation of an apple Chapter Review Careers: Pharmacy technician/Pharmaceutical researcher UNIT F - FORCES AND ENERGY Unit Opener Unit Literature: Magnetic Migration CHAPTER 11 - FORCES Lesson 1 - Motion and Forces OBJECTIVE: - Explain how motion, speed, velocity, and acceleration are related - Summarize the forces that act on a moving object, including friction and gravity • Explore Activity: How fast does it move? • What is motion? • What are acceleration and forces? • What is gravity? Focus on Skills: Use Numbers Lesson 2 - Changing Motion OBJECTIVE: - Demonstrate a basic understanding of how forces affect motion - Explain how friction affects motion • Explore Activity: How do forces change motion? -Why do things move? • What happens when you change the force? • How does friction affect motion? / Review Writing in Science: Wheels in Motion Math in Science: Measure The Force of Friction Grade 4 Page 10 of 12 Grade 4 TOC Lesson 3 – Work and Energy OBJECTIVE: - Compare work and energy - Explain how energy changes from one form to another • Explore Activity: How are position and force related? • What is work? • What are forms of energy? • How can energy change? /Review Reading in Science: Hybrid Power Lesson 4 – Simple Machines OBJECTIVE: - Summarize how the different kinds of simple machines make work easier - Explain how simple machines work together to make compound machines • Explore Activity: How do pulleys reduce force? • What are simple machines? • What are pulleys and wheels and axles? • What are inclined planes? • How do simple machines work together? Inquiry Investigation: How do ramps make it easier to move objects? Chapter Review CHAPTER 12 - ENERGY Lesson 1– Heat OBJECTIVE: - Explain that heat flows from warmer materials to cooler materials - Describe and define conduction, convection, and radiation • Explore Activity: What keeps mammals warm in places with little heat? • What is heat? • How does heat travel? • How does heat affect matter? Focus on Skills: Infer Lesson 2 – Sound OBJECTIVE: - Explain how sound is produced and how it travels through a medium - Identify the characteristics of sound, including frequency, pitch, volume, and echoes • Explore Activity: How can strings make music? • What makes sound? • Where does sound go? • How do sounds differ? • How do we use sound? Writing in Science: A Voice in the Well Math in Science: Hearing Echoes Grade 4 Page 11 of 12 Grade 4 TOC Grade 4 Page 12 of 12 Lesson 3 – Light OBJECTIVE: - Demonstrate that light travels in a straight line - Describe ways light can be absorbed, reflected, or refracted by objects • Explore Activity: What makes white light? • What is light? • What is refraction? • How do mirrors work? • What can light pass through? Inquiry Investigation: What happens to light when it is reflected? Lesson 4 – Electricity OBJECTIVE: - Describe the characteristics of electrically charged objects - Explain the difference between static and current electricity • Explore Activity: How do rubbed balloons interact? • What is static electricity? • What is current electricity? • What are two kinds of circuits? • How do you use electricity safely? Inquiry Investigation: Compare strength of static electricity from wool and paper. Lesson 5 – Magnetism and Electricity OBJECTIVE: - Describe a magnetic field and the effect of distance on magnetic force - Recognize how an electromagnet, electric motor, and generator work • Explore Activity: How do magnets interact? • What is a magnet? • What are magnetic fields? • What is an electromagnet? • How is electricity produced? • How does electricity reach your home? Reading In Science: Motors at work Chapter Review Careers: Electrician/Electrical engineer (feature alternative e

The Grade 4 Student Edition covers units such as Living Things, Ecosystems, Matter, and Forces of Energy.